PNG  IHDRQgAMA a cHRMz&u0`:pQ<bKGDgmIDATxwUﹻ& ^CX(J I@ "% (** BX +*i"]j(IH{~R)[~>h{}gy)I$Ij .I$I$ʊy@}x.: $I$Ii}VZPC)I$IF ^0ʐJ$I$Q^}{"r=OzI$gRZeC.IOvH eKX $IMpxsk.쒷/&r[޳<v| .I~)@$updYRa$I |M.e JaֶpSYR6j>h%IRز if&uJ)M$I vLi=H;7UJ,],X$I1AҒJ$ XY XzI@GNҥRT)E@;]K*Mw;#5_wOn~\ DC&$(A5 RRFkvIR}l!RytRl;~^ǷJj اy뷦BZJr&ӥ8Pjw~vnv X^(I;4R=P[3]J,]ȏ~:3?[ a&e)`e*P[4]T=Cq6R[ ~ޤrXR Հg(t_HZ-Hg M$ãmL5R uk*`%C-E6/%[t X.{8P9Z.vkXŐKjgKZHg(aK9ڦmKjѺm_ \#$5,)-  61eJ,5m| r'= &ڡd%-]J on Xm|{ RҞe $eڧY XYrԮ-a7RK6h>n$5AVڴi*ֆK)mѦtmr1p| q:흺,)Oi*ֺK)ܬ֦K-5r3>0ԔHjJئEZj,%re~/z%jVMڸmrt)3]J,T K֦OvԒgii*bKiNO~%PW0=dii2tJ9Jݕ{7"I P9JKTbu,%r"6RKU}Ij2HKZXJ,妝 XYrP ެ24c%i^IK|.H,%rb:XRl1X4Pe/`x&P8Pj28Mzsx2r\zRPz4J}yP[g=L) .Q[6RjWgp FIH*-`IMRaK9TXcq*I y[jE>cw%gLRԕiFCj-ďa`#e~I j,%r,)?[gp FI˨mnWX#>mʔ XA DZf9,nKҲzIZXJ,L#kiPz4JZF,I,`61%2s $,VOϚ2/UFJfy7K> X+6 STXIeJILzMfKm LRaK9%|4p9LwJI!`NsiazĔ)%- XMq>pk$-$Q2x#N ؎-QR}ᶦHZډ)J,l#i@yn3LN`;nڔ XuX5pF)m|^0(>BHF9(cզEerJI rg7 4I@z0\JIi䵙RR0s;$s6eJ,`n 䂦0a)S)A 1eJ,堌#635RIgpNHuTH_SԕqVe ` &S)>p;S$魁eKIuX`I4춒o}`m$1":PI<[v9^\pTJjriRŭ P{#{R2,`)e-`mgj~1ϣLKam7&U\j/3mJ,`F;M'䱀 .KR#)yhTq;pcK9(q!w?uRR,n.yw*UXj#\]ɱ(qv2=RqfB#iJmmL<]Y͙#$5 uTU7ӦXR+q,`I}qL'`6Kͷ6r,]0S$- [RKR3oiRE|nӦXR.(i:LDLTJjY%o:)6rxzҒqTJjh㞦I.$YR.ʼnGZ\ֿf:%55 I˼!6dKxm4E"mG_ s? .e*?LRfK9%q#uh$)i3ULRfK9yxm܌bj84$i1U^@Wbm4uJ,ҪA>_Ij?1v32[gLRD96oTaR׿N7%L2 NT,`)7&ƝL*꽙yp_$M2#AS,`)7$rkTA29_Iye"|/0t)$n XT2`YJ;6Jx".e<`$) PI$5V4]29SRI>~=@j]lp2`K9Jaai^" Ԋ29ORI%:XV5]JmN9]H;1UC39NI%Xe78t)a;Oi Ҙ>Xt"~G>_mn:%|~ޅ_+]$o)@ǀ{hgN;IK6G&rp)T2i୦KJuv*T=TOSV>(~D>dm,I*Ɛ:R#ۙNI%D>G.n$o;+#RR!.eU˽TRI28t)1LWϚ>IJa3oFbu&:tJ*(F7y0ZR ^p'Ii L24x| XRI%ۄ>S1]Jy[zL$adB7.eh4%%누>WETf+3IR:I3Xה)3אOۦSRO'ٺ)S}"qOr[B7ϙ.edG)^ETR"RtRݜh0}LFVӦDB^k_JDj\=LS(Iv─aTeZ%eUAM-0;~˃@i|l @S4y72>sX-vA}ϛBI!ݎߨWl*)3{'Y|iSlEڻ(5KtSI$Uv02,~ԩ~x;P4ցCrO%tyn425:KMlD ^4JRxSهF_}شJTS6uj+ﷸk$eZO%G*^V2u3EMj3k%)okI]dT)URKDS 7~m@TJR~荪fT"֛L \sM -0T KfJz+nإKr L&j()[E&I ߴ>e FW_kJR|!O:5/2跌3T-'|zX ryp0JS ~^F>-2< `*%ZFP)bSn"L :)+pʷf(pO3TMW$~>@~ū:TAIsV1}S2<%ޟM?@iT ,Eūoz%i~g|`wS(]oȤ8)$ ntu`өe`6yPl IzMI{ʣzʨ )IZ2= ld:5+請M$-ї;U>_gsY$ÁN5WzWfIZ)-yuXIfp~S*IZdt;t>KūKR|$#LcԀ+2\;kJ`]YǔM1B)UbG"IRߊ<xܾӔJ0Z='Y嵤 Leveg)$znV-º^3Ւof#0Tfk^Zs[*I꯳3{)ˬW4Ւ4 OdpbZRS|*I 55#"&-IvT&/윚Ye:i$ 9{LkuRe[I~_\ؠ%>GL$iY8 9ܕ"S`kS.IlC;Ҏ4x&>u_0JLr<J2(^$5L s=MgV ~,Iju> 7r2)^=G$1:3G< `J3~&IR% 6Tx/rIj3O< ʔ&#f_yXJiގNSz; Tx(i8%#4 ~AS+IjerIUrIj362v885+IjAhK__5X%nV%Iͳ-y|7XV2v4fzo_68"S/I-qbf; LkF)KSM$ Ms>K WNV}^`-큧32ŒVؙGdu,^^m%6~Nn&͓3ŒVZMsRpfEW%IwdǀLm[7W&bIRL@Q|)* i ImsIMmKmyV`i$G+R 0tV'!V)֏28vU7͒vHꦼtxꗞT ;S}7Mf+fIRHNZUkUx5SAJㄌ9MqμAIRi|j5)o*^'<$TwI1hEU^c_j?Е$%d`z cyf,XO IJnTgA UXRD }{H}^S,P5V2\Xx`pZ|Yk:$e ~ @nWL.j+ϝYb퇪bZ BVu)u/IJ_ 1[p.p60bC >|X91P:N\!5qUB}5a5ja `ubcVxYt1N0Zzl4]7­gKj]?4ϻ *[bg$)+À*x쳀ogO$~,5 زUS9 lq3+5mgw@np1sso Ӻ=|N6 /g(Wv7U;zωM=wk,0uTg_`_P`uz?2yI!b`kĸSo+Qx%!\οe|އԁKS-s6pu_(ֿ$i++T8=eY; צP+phxWQv*|p1. ά. XRkIQYP,drZ | B%wP|S5`~́@i޾ E;Չaw{o'Q?%iL{u D?N1BD!owPHReFZ* k_-~{E9b-~P`fE{AܶBJAFO wx6Rox5 K5=WwehS8 (JClJ~ p+Fi;ŗo+:bD#g(C"wA^ r.F8L;dzdIHUX݆ϞXg )IFqem%I4dj&ppT{'{HOx( Rk6^C٫O.)3:s(۳(Z?~ٻ89zmT"PLtw䥈5&b<8GZ-Y&K?e8,`I6e(֍xb83 `rzXj)F=l($Ij 2*(F?h(/9ik:I`m#p3MgLaKjc/U#n5S# m(^)=y=đx8ŬI[U]~SцA4p$-F i(R,7Cx;X=cI>{Km\ o(Tv2vx2qiiDJN,Ҏ!1f 5quBj1!8 rDFd(!WQl,gSkL1Bxg''՞^ǘ;pQ P(c_ IRujg(Wz bs#P­rz> k c&nB=q+ؔXn#r5)co*Ũ+G?7< |PQӣ'G`uOd>%Mctz# Ԫڞ&7CaQ~N'-P.W`Oedp03C!IZcIAMPUۀ5J<\u~+{9(FbbyAeBhOSܳ1 bÈT#ŠyDžs,`5}DC-`̞%r&ڙa87QWWp6e7 Rϫ/oY ꇅ Nܶըtc!LA T7V4Jsū I-0Pxz7QNF_iZgúWkG83 0eWr9 X]㾮݁#Jˢ C}0=3ݱtBi]_ &{{[/o[~ \q鯜00٩|cD3=4B_b RYb$óBRsf&lLX#M*C_L܄:gx)WΘsGSbuL rF$9';\4Ɍq'n[%p.Q`u hNb`eCQyQ|l_C>Lb꟟3hSb #xNxSs^ 88|Mz)}:](vbۢamŖ࿥ 0)Q7@0=?^k(*J}3ibkFn HjB׻NO z x}7p 0tfDX.lwgȔhԾŲ }6g E |LkLZteu+=q\Iv0쮑)QٵpH8/2?Σo>Jvppho~f>%bMM}\//":PTc(v9v!gոQ )UfVG+! 35{=x\2+ki,y$~A1iC6#)vC5^>+gǵ@1Hy٪7u;p psϰu/S <aʸGu'tD1ԝI<pg|6j'p:tպhX{o(7v],*}6a_ wXRk,O]Lܳ~Vo45rp"N5k;m{rZbΦ${#)`(Ŵg,;j%6j.pyYT?}-kBDc3qA`NWQū20/^AZW%NQ MI.X#P#,^Ebc&?XR tAV|Y.1!؅⨉ccww>ivl(JT~ u`ٵDm q)+Ri x/x8cyFO!/*!/&,7<.N,YDŽ&ܑQF1Bz)FPʛ?5d 6`kQձ λc؎%582Y&nD_$Je4>a?! ͨ|ȎWZSsv8 j(I&yj Jb5m?HWp=g}G3#|I,5v珿] H~R3@B[☉9Ox~oMy=J;xUVoj bUsl_35t-(ՃɼRB7U!qc+x4H_Qo֮$[GO<4`&č\GOc[.[*Af%mG/ ňM/r W/Nw~B1U3J?P&Y )`ѓZ1p]^l“W#)lWZilUQu`-m|xĐ,_ƪ|9i:_{*(3Gѧ}UoD+>m_?VPۅ15&}2|/pIOʵ> GZ9cmíتmnz)yߐbD >e}:) r|@R5qVSA10C%E_'^8cR7O;6[eKePGϦX7jb}OTGO^jn*媓7nGMC t,k31Rb (vyܴʭ!iTh8~ZYZp(qsRL ?b}cŨʊGO^!rPJO15MJ[c&~Z`"ѓޔH1C&^|Ш|rʼ,AwĴ?b5)tLU)F| &g٣O]oqSUjy(x<Ϳ3 .FSkoYg2 \_#wj{u'rQ>o;%n|F*O_L"e9umDds?.fuuQbIWz |4\0 sb;OvxOSs; G%T4gFRurj(֍ڑb uԖKDu1MK{1^ q; C=6\8FR艇!%\YÔU| 88m)֓NcLve C6z;o&X x59:q61Z(T7>C?gcļxѐ Z oo-08jہ x,`' ҔOcRlf~`jj".Nv+sM_]Zk g( UOPyεx%pUh2(@il0ݽQXxppx-NS( WO+轾 nFߢ3M<;z)FBZjciu/QoF 7R¥ ZFLF~#ȣߨ^<쩡ݛкvџ))ME>ώx4m#!-m!L;vv#~Y[đKmx9.[,UFS CVkZ +ߟrY٧IZd/ioi$%͝ب_ֶX3ܫhNU ZZgk=]=bbJS[wjU()*I =ώ:}-蹞lUj:1}MWm=̛ _ ¾,8{__m{_PVK^n3esw5ӫh#$-q=A̟> ,^I}P^J$qY~Q[ Xq9{#&T.^GVj__RKpn,b=`żY@^՝;z{paVKkQXj/)y TIc&F;FBG7wg ZZDG!x r_tƢ!}i/V=M/#nB8 XxЫ ^@CR<{䤭YCN)eKOSƟa $&g[i3.C6xrOc8TI;o hH6P&L{@q6[ Gzp^71j(l`J}]e6X☉#͕ ׈$AB1Vjh㭦IRsqFBjwQ_7Xk>y"N=MB0 ,C #o6MRc0|$)ف"1!ixY<B9mx `,tA>)5ػQ?jQ?cn>YZe Tisvh# GMމȇp:ԴVuږ8ɼH]C.5C!UV;F`mbBk LTMvPʍϤj?ԯ/Qr1NB`9s"s TYsz &9S%U԰> {<ؿSMxB|H\3@!U| k']$U+> |HHMLޢ?V9iD!-@x TIî%6Z*9X@HMW#?nN ,oe6?tQwڱ.]-y':mW0#!J82qFjH -`ѓ&M0u Uγmxϵ^-_\])@0Rt.8/?ٰCY]x}=sD3ojަЫNuS%U}ԤwHH>ڗjܷ_3gN q7[q2la*ArǓԖ+p8/RGM ]jacd(JhWko6ڎbj]i5Bj3+3!\j1UZLsLTv8HHmup<>gKMJj0@H%,W΃7R) ">c, xixј^ aܖ>H[i.UIHc U1=yW\=S*GR~)AF=`&2h`DzT󑓶J+?W+}C%P:|0H܆}-<;OC[~o.$~i}~HQ TvXΈr=b}$vizL4:ȰT|4~*!oXQR6Lk+#t/g lԁߖ[Jڶ_N$k*". xsxX7jRVbAAʯKҎU3)zSNN _'s?f)6X!%ssAkʱ>qƷb hg %n ~p1REGMHH=BJiy[<5 ǁJҖgKR*倳e~HUy)Ag,K)`Vw6bRR:qL#\rclK/$sh*$ 6덤 KԖc 3Z9=Ɣ=o>X Ώ"1 )a`SJJ6k(<c e{%kϊP+SL'TcMJWRm ŏ"w)qc ef꒵i?b7b('"2r%~HUS1\<(`1Wx9=8HY9m:X18bgD1u ~|H;K-Uep,, C1 RV.MR5άh,tWO8WC$ XRVsQS]3GJ|12 [vM :k#~tH30Rf-HYݺ-`I9%lIDTm\ S{]9gOڒMNCV\G*2JRŨ;Rҏ^ڽ̱mq1Eu?To3I)y^#jJw^Ńj^vvlB_⋌P4x>0$c>K†Aļ9s_VjTt0l#m>E-,,x,-W)سo&96RE XR.6bXw+)GAEvL)͞K4$p=Ũi_ѱOjb HY/+@θH9޼]Nԥ%n{ &zjT? Ty) s^ULlb,PiTf^<À] 62R^V7)S!nllS6~͝V}-=%* ʻ>G DnK<y&>LPy7'r=Hj 9V`[c"*^8HpcO8bnU`4JȪAƋ#1_\ XϘHPRgik(~G~0DAA_2p|J묭a2\NCr]M_0 ^T%e#vD^%xy-n}-E\3aS%yN!r_{ )sAw ڼp1pEAk~v<:`'ӭ^5 ArXOI驻T (dk)_\ PuA*BY]yB"l\ey hH*tbK)3 IKZ򹞋XjN n *n>k]X_d!ryBH ]*R 0(#'7 %es9??ښFC,ՁQPjARJ\Ρw K#jahgw;2$l*) %Xq5!U᢯6Re] |0[__64ch&_}iL8KEgҎ7 M/\`|.p,~`a=BR?xܐrQ8K XR2M8f ?`sgWS%" Ԉ 7R%$ N}?QL1|-эټwIZ%pvL3Hk>,ImgW7{E xPHx73RA @RS CC !\ȟ5IXR^ZxHл$Q[ŝ40 (>+ _C >BRt<,TrT {O/H+˟Pl6 I B)/VC<6a2~(XwV4gnXR ϱ5ǀHٻ?tw똤Eyxp{#WK qG%5],(0ӈH HZ])ג=K1j&G(FbM@)%I` XRg ʔ KZG(vP,<`[ Kn^ SJRsAʠ5xՅF`0&RbV tx:EaUE/{fi2;.IAwW8/tTxAGOoN?G}l L(n`Zv?pB8K_gI+ܗ #i?ޙ.) p$utc ~DžfՈEo3l/)I-U?aԅ^jxArA ΧX}DmZ@QLےbTXGd.^|xKHR{|ΕW_h] IJ`[G9{).y) 0X YA1]qp?p_k+J*Y@HI>^?gt.06Rn ,` ?);p pSF9ZXLBJPWjgQ|&)7! HjQt<| ؅W5 x W HIzYoVMGP Hjn`+\(dNW)F+IrS[|/a`K|ͻ0Hj{R,Q=\ (F}\WR)AgSG`IsnAR=|8$}G(vC$)s FBJ?]_u XRvύ6z ŨG[36-T9HzpW̞ú Xg큽=7CufzI$)ki^qk-) 0H*N` QZkk]/tnnsI^Gu't=7$ Z;{8^jB% IItRQS7[ϭ3 $_OQJ`7!]W"W,)Iy W AJA;KWG`IY{8k$I$^%9.^(`N|LJ%@$I}ֽp=FB*xN=gI?Q{٥4B)mw $Igc~dZ@G9K X?7)aK%݅K$IZ-`IpC U6$I\0>!9k} Xa IIS0H$I H ?1R.Чj:4~Rw@p$IrA*u}WjWFPJ$I➓/6#! LӾ+ X36x8J |+L;v$Io4301R20M I$-E}@,pS^ޟR[/s¹'0H$IKyfŸfVOπFT*a$I>He~VY/3R/)>d$I>28`Cjw,n@FU*9ttf$I~<;=/4RD~@ X-ѕzἱI$: ԍR a@b X{+Qxuq$IЛzo /~3\8ڒ4BN7$IҀj V]n18H$IYFBj3̵̚ja pp $Is/3R Ӻ-Yj+L;.0ŔI$Av? #!5"aʄj}UKmɽH$IjCYs?h$IDl843.v}m7UiI=&=0Lg0$I4: embe` eQbm0u? $IT!Sƍ'-sv)s#C0:XB2a w I$zbww{."pPzO =Ɔ\[ o($Iaw]`E).Kvi:L*#gР7[$IyGPI=@R 4yR~̮´cg I$I/<tPͽ hDgo 94Z^k盇΄8I56^W$I^0̜N?4*H`237}g+hxoq)SJ@p|` $I%>-hO0eO>\ԣNߌZD6R=K ~n($I$y3D>o4b#px2$yڪtzW~a $I~?x'BwwpH$IZݑnC㧄Pc_9sO gwJ=l1:mKB>Ab<4Lp$Ib o1ZQ@85b̍ S'F,Fe,^I$IjEdù{l4 8Ys_s Z8.x m"+{~?q,Z D!I$ϻ'|XhB)=…']M>5 rgotԎ 獽PH$IjIPhh)n#cÔqA'ug5qwU&rF|1E%I$%]!'3AFD/;Ck_`9 v!ٴtPV;x`'*bQa w I$Ix5 FC3D_~A_#O݆DvV?<qw+I$I{=Z8".#RIYyjǪ=fDl9%M,a8$I$Ywi[7ݍFe$s1ՋBVA?`]#!oz4zjLJo8$I$%@3jAa4(o ;p,,dya=F9ً[LSPH$IJYЉ+3> 5"39aZ<ñh!{TpBGkj}Sp $IlvF.F$I z< '\K*qq.f<2Y!S"-\I$IYwčjF$ w9 \ߪB.1v!Ʊ?+r:^!I$BϹB H"B;L'G[ 4U#5>੐)|#o0aڱ$I>}k&1`U#V?YsV x>{t1[I~D&(I$I/{H0fw"q"y%4 IXyE~M3 8XψL}qE$I[> nD?~sf ]o΁ cT6"?'_Ἣ $I>~.f|'!N?⟩0G KkXZE]ޡ;/&?k OۘH$IRۀwXӨ<7@PnS04aӶp.:@\IWQJ6sS%I$e5ڑv`3:x';wq_vpgHyXZ 3gЂ7{{EuԹn±}$I$8t;b|591nءQ"P6O5i }iR̈́%Q̄p!I䮢]O{H$IRϻ9s֧ a=`- aB\X0"+5"C1Hb?߮3x3&gşggl_hZ^,`5?ߎvĸ%̀M!OZC2#0x LJ0 Gw$I$I}<{Eb+y;iI,`ܚF:5ܛA8-O-|8K7s|#Z8a&><a&/VtbtLʌI$I$I$I$I$I$IRjDD%tEXtdate:create2022-05-31T04:40:26+00:00!Î%tEXtdate:modify2022-05-31T04:40:26+00:00|{2IENDB`Mini Shell

HOME


Mini Shell 1.0
DIR:/usr/share/doc/python-docs-2.7.5/html/library/
Upload File :
Current File : //usr/share/doc/python-docs-2.7.5/html/library/operator.html

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">


<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
  <head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
    
    <title>9.9. operator — Standard operators as functions &mdash; Python 2.7.5 documentation</title>
    
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
    
    <script type="text/javascript">
      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
        URL_ROOT:    '../',
        VERSION:     '2.7.5',
        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
        HAS_SOURCE:  true
      };
    </script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
    <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
          title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation"
          href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
    <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
    <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
    <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" />
    <link rel="up" title="9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules" href="numeric.html" />
    <link rel="next" title="10. File and Directory Access" href="filesys.html" />
    <link rel="prev" title="9.8. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects" href="functools.html" />
    <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" />
    <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script>
    
 

  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="related">
      <h3>Navigation</h3>
      <ul>
        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
             >modules</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="filesys.html" title="10. File and Directory Access"
             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="functools.html" title="9.8. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects"
             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
        <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
                 style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
        <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> &raquo;</li>
        <li>
          <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> &raquo;
        </li>

          <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &raquo;</li>
          <li><a href="numeric.html" accesskey="U">9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a> &raquo;</li> 
      </ul>
    </div>  

    <div class="document">
      <div class="documentwrapper">
        <div class="bodywrapper">
          <div class="body">
            
  <div class="section" id="module-operator">
<span id="operator-standard-operators-as-functions"></span><h1>9.9. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt></a> &#8212; Standard operators as functions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-operator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt></a> module exports a set of efficient functions corresponding to
the intrinsic operators of Python.  For example, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator.add(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></tt> is
equivalent to the expression <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x+y</span></tt>.  The function names are those used for
special class methods; variants without leading and trailing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__</span></tt> are also
provided for convenience.</p>
<p>The functions fall into categories that perform object comparisons, logical
operations, mathematical operations, sequence operations, and abstract type
tests.</p>
<p>The object comparison functions are useful for all objects, and are named after
the rich comparison operators they support:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.lt">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">lt</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.lt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.le">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">le</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.le" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.eq">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">eq</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.eq" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.ne">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ne</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ne" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.ge">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ge</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ge" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.gt">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">gt</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.gt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__lt__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__lt__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__lt__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__le__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__le__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__le__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__eq__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__eq__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__eq__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ne__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ne__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ne__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ge__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ge__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ge__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__gt__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__gt__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__gt__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Perform &#8220;rich comparisons&#8221; between <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>. Specifically, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is
equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">le(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">eq(a,</span>
<span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ne(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ge(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span>
<span class="pre">&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.  Note that unlike the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#cmp" title="cmp"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmp()</span></tt></a>, these functions can
return any value, which may or may not be interpretable as a Boolean value.
See <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#comparisons"><em>Comparisons</em></a> for more information about rich comparisons.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<p>The logical operations are also generally applicable to all objects, and support
truth tests, identity tests, and boolean operations:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.not_">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">not_</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.not_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__not__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__not__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__not__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the outcome of <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#not"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">not</span></tt></a> <em>obj</em>.  (Note that there is no
<a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__not__" title="operator.__not__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__not__()</span></tt></a> method for object instances; only the interpreter core defines
this operation.  The result is affected by the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__nonzero__" title="object.__nonzero__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__nonzero__()</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__len__" title="object.__len__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__len__()</span></tt></a> methods.)</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.truth">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">truth</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.truth" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt></a> if <em>obj</em> is true, and <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False" title="False"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt></a> otherwise.  This is
equivalent to using the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool" title="bool"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bool</span></tt></a> constructor.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.is_">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">is_</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.is_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.  Tests object identity.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.is_not">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">is_not</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.is_not" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.  Tests object identity.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<p>The mathematical and bitwise operations are the most numerous:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.abs">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">abs</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.abs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__abs__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__abs__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__abs__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the absolute value of <em>obj</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.add">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">add</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.add" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__add__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__add__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__add__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.and_">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">and_</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.and_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__and__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__and__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__and__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the bitwise and of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.div">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">div</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.div" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__div__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__div__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__div__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt> is not in effect.  This is
also known as &#8220;classic&#8221; division.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.floordiv">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">floordiv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.floordiv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__floordiv__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__floordiv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__floordiv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.index">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">index</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.index" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__index__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__index__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__index__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>a</em> converted to an integer.  Equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a.__index__()</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.inv">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">inv</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.inv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.invert">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">invert</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.invert" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__inv__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__inv__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__inv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__invert__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__invert__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__invert__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the bitwise inverse of the number <em>obj</em>.  This is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">~obj</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.0: </span>The names <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.invert" title="operator.invert"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">invert()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__invert__" title="operator.__invert__"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">__invert__()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.lshift">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">lshift</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.lshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__lshift__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__lshift__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__lshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>a</em> shifted left by <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.mod">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">mod</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.mod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__mod__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__mod__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__mod__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.mul">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">mul</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.mul" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__mul__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__mul__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__mul__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.neg">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">neg</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.neg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__neg__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__neg__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__neg__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>obj</em> negated (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-obj</span></tt>).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.or_">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">or_</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.or_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__or__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__or__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__or__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the bitwise or of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.pos">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">pos</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.pos" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__pos__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__pos__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__pos__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>obj</em> positive (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">+obj</span></tt>).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.pow">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">pow</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.pow" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__pow__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__pow__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__pow__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.rshift">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">rshift</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.rshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__rshift__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__rshift__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__rshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>a</em> shifted right by <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.sub">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">sub</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.sub" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__sub__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__sub__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__sub__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.truediv">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">truediv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.truediv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__truediv__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__truediv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__truediv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt> is in effect.  This is also
known as &#8220;true&#8221; division.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.xor">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">xor</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.xor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__xor__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__xor__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__xor__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the bitwise exclusive or of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>Operations which work with sequences (some of them with mappings too) include:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.concat">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">concat</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.concat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__concat__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__concat__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__concat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> sequences.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.contains">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">contains</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.contains" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__contains__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__contains__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__contains__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the outcome of the test <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">a</span></tt>. Note the reversed operands.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.0: </span>The name <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__contains__" title="operator.__contains__"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">__contains__()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.countOf">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">countOf</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.countOf" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the number of occurrences of <em>b</em> in <em>a</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.delitem">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">delitem</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.delitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__delitem__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__delitem__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__delitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.delslice">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">delslice</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.delslice" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__delslice__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__delslice__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__delslice__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Delete the slice of <em>a</em> from index <em>b</em> to index <em>c-1</em>.</p>
<p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.x.  Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.delitem" title="operator.delitem"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">delitem()</span></tt></a> with a slice
index.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.getitem">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">getitem</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.getitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__getitem__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__getitem__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.getslice">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">getslice</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.getslice" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__getslice__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__getslice__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__getslice__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the slice of <em>a</em> from index <em>b</em> to index <em>c-1</em>.</p>
<p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.x.  Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.getitem" title="operator.getitem"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">getitem()</span></tt></a> with a slice
index.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.indexOf">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">indexOf</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.indexOf" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the index of the first of occurrence of <em>b</em> in <em>a</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.repeat">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">repeat</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.repeat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__repeat__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__repeat__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__repeat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__mul__" title="operator.__mul__"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">__mul__()</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
<p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> where <em>a</em> is a sequence and <em>b</em> is an integer.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.sequenceIncludes">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">sequenceIncludes</tt><big>(</big><em>...</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.sequenceIncludes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.0: </span>Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.contains" title="operator.contains"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">contains()</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
<p>Alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.contains" title="operator.contains"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">contains()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.setitem">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">setitem</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.setitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__setitem__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__setitem__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__setitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em> to <em>c</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.setslice">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">setslice</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em>, <em>v</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.setslice" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__setslice__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__setslice__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em>, <em>v</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__setslice__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the slice of <em>a</em> from index <em>b</em> to index <em>c-1</em> to the sequence <em>v</em>.</p>
<p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.x.  Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.setitem" title="operator.setitem"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">setitem()</span></tt></a> with a slice
index.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>Example use of operator functions:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Elementwise multiplication</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mul</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="go">[0, 20, 60, 120]</span>

<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dot product</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mul</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">]))</span>
<span class="go">200</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Many operations have an &#8220;in-place&#8221; version.  The following functions provide a
more primitive access to in-place operators than the usual syntax does; for
example, the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-statement"><em class="xref std std-term">statement</em></a> <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">y</span></tt> is equivalent to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">operator.iadd(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></tt>.  Another way to put it is to say that
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">operator.iadd(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></tt> is equivalent to the compound statement
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">x;</span> <span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">y</span></tt>.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.iadd">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">iadd</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iadd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__iadd__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__iadd__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iadd__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iadd(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.iand">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">iand</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iand" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__iand__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__iand__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iand__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iand(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&amp;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.iconcat">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">iconcat</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iconcat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__iconcat__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__iconcat__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iconcat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iconcat(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> sequences.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.idiv">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">idiv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.idiv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__idiv__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__idiv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__idiv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">idiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt> is
not in effect.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ifloordiv">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ifloordiv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ifloordiv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ifloordiv__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ifloordiv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ifloordiv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ifloordiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ilshift">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ilshift</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ilshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ilshift__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ilshift__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ilshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ilshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;&lt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.imod">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">imod</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__imod__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__imod__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imod__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">imod(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.imul">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">imul</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imul" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__imul__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__imul__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imul__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">imul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ior">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ior</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ior" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ior__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ior__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ior__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ior(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">|=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ipow">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ipow</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ipow" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ipow__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ipow__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ipow__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ipow(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.irepeat">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">irepeat</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.irepeat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__irepeat__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__irepeat__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__irepeat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__imul__" title="operator.__imul__"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">__imul__()</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">irepeat(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> where <em>a</em> is a sequence and
<em>b</em> is an integer.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.irshift">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">irshift</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.irshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__irshift__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__irshift__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__irshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">irshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isub">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isub</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isub" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__isub__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__isub__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__isub__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">isub(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.itruediv">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">itruediv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.itruediv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__itruediv__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__itruediv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__itruediv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itruediv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt>
is in effect.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ixor">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ixor</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ixor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ixor__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ixor__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ixor__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ixor(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">^=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt></a> module also defines a few predicates to test the type of
objects; however, these are not all reliable.  It is preferable to test
abstract base classes instead (see <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#module-collections" title="collections: High-performance datatypes"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html#module-numbers" title="numbers: Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.)."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">numbers</span></tt></a> for details).</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isCallable">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isCallable</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isCallable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.0: </span>Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">collections.Callable)</span></tt> instead.</p>
<p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> can be called like a function, otherwise it
returns false.  True is returned for functions, bound and unbound methods, class
objects, and instance objects which support the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__call__" title="object.__call__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__call__()</span></tt></a> method.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isMappingType">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isMappingType</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isMappingType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">collections.Mapping)</span></tt> instead.</p>
<p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> supports the mapping interface. This is true for
dictionaries and all instance objects defining <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="operator.__getitem__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isNumberType">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isNumberType</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isNumberType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">numbers.Number)</span></tt> instead.</p>
<p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> represents a number.  This is true for all
numeric types implemented in C.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isSequenceType">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isSequenceType</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isSequenceType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.7: </span>Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">collections.Sequence)</span></tt> instead.</p>
<p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> supports the sequence protocol. This returns true
for all objects which define sequence methods in C, and for all instance objects
defining <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="operator.__getitem__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt></a> module also defines tools for generalized attribute and item
lookups.  These are useful for making fast field extractors as arguments for
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#map" title="map"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">map()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#sorted" title="sorted"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sorted()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html#itertools.groupby" title="itertools.groupby"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">itertools.groupby()</span></tt></a>, or other functions that
expect a function argument.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.attrgetter">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">attrgetter</tt><big>(</big><em>attr</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.attrgetter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt>
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">attrgetter</tt><big>(</big><em>*attrs</em><big>)</big></dt>
<dd><p>Return a callable object that fetches <em>attr</em> from its operand.
If more than one attribute is requested, returns a tuple of attributes.
The attribute names can also contain dots. For example:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name')</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b.name</span></tt>.</li>
<li>After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name',</span> <span class="pre">'date')</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt> returns
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(b.name,</span> <span class="pre">b.date)</span></tt>.</li>
<li>After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name.first',</span> <span class="pre">'name.last')</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt>
returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(r.name.first,</span> <span class="pre">r.name.last)</span></tt>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">attrgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">attr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">resolve_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resolve_att</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">attr</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">resolve_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;.&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">obj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">obj</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>Added support for multiple attributes.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.6: </span>Added support for dotted attributes.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.itemgetter">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">itemgetter</tt><big>(</big><em>item</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.itemgetter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt>
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">itemgetter</tt><big>(</big><em>*items</em><big>)</big></dt>
<dd><p>Return a callable object that fetches <em>item</em> from its operand using the
operand&#8217;s <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="operator.__getitem__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></tt></a> method.  If multiple items are specified,
returns a tuple of lookup values.  For example:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itemgetter(2)</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(r)</span></tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">r[2]</span></tt>.</li>
<li>After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">g</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itemgetter(2,</span> <span class="pre">5,</span> <span class="pre">3)</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">g(r)</span></tt> returns
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(r[2],</span> <span class="pre">r[5],</span> <span class="pre">r[3])</span></tt>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">item</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">]</span>
    <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The items can be any type accepted by the operand&#8217;s <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="operator.__getitem__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></tt></a>
method.  Dictionaries accept any hashable value.  Lists, tuples, and
strings accept an index or a slice:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="s">&#39;ABCDEFG&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;B&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="s">&#39;ABCDEFG&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">(&#39;B&#39;, &#39;D&#39;, &#39;F&#39;)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">slice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">))(</span><span class="s">&#39;ABCDEFG&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;CDEFG&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>Added support for multiple item extraction.</p>
<p>Example of using <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.itemgetter" title="operator.itemgetter"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">itemgetter()</span></tt></a> to retrieve specific fields from a
tuple record:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">inventory</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&#39;apple&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;banana&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;pear&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;orange&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">getcount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getcount</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inventory</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[3, 2, 5, 1]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inventory</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">getcount</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[(&#39;orange&#39;, 1), (&#39;banana&#39;, 2), (&#39;apple&#39;, 3), (&#39;pear&#39;, 5)]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.methodcaller">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">methodcaller</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>args...</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.methodcaller" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a callable object that calls the method <em>name</em> on its operand.  If
additional arguments and/or keyword arguments are given, they will be given
to the method as well.  For example:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">methodcaller('name')</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b.name()</span></tt>.</li>
<li>After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">methodcaller('name',</span> <span class="pre">'foo',</span> <span class="pre">bar=1)</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt>
returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b.name('foo',</span> <span class="pre">bar=1)</span></tt>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">methodcaller</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">caller</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">caller</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
</dd></dl>

<div class="section" id="mapping-operators-to-functions">
<span id="operator-map"></span><h2>9.9.1. Mapping Operators to Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This table shows how abstract operations correspond to operator symbols in the
Python syntax and the functions in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt></a> module.</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="26%" />
<col width="29%" />
<col width="45%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Operation</th>
<th class="head">Syntax</th>
<th class="head">Function</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>Addition</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Concatenation</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">seq1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">seq2</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">concat(seq1,</span> <span class="pre">seq2)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Containment Test</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">seq</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">contains(seq,</span> <span class="pre">obj)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Division</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">div(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> (without
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Division</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">truediv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> (with
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Division</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">floordiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Bitwise And</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&amp;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">and_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Bitwise Exclusive Or</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xor(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Bitwise Inversion</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">~</span> <span class="pre">a</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">invert(a)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Bitwise Or</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Exponentiation</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pow(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Identity</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Identity</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_not(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Indexed Assignment</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj[k]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">v</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k,</span> <span class="pre">v)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Indexed Deletion</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">obj[k]</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Indexing</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj[k]</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Left Shift</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Modulo</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mod(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Multiplication</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Negation (Arithmetic)</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">a</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">neg(a)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Negation (Logical)</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">a</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">not_(a)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Positive</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">a</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pos(a)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Right Shift</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Sequence Repetition</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">seq</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">i</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">repeat(seq,</span> <span class="pre">i)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Slice Assignment</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">values</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j),</span> <span class="pre">values)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Slice Deletion</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j))</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Slicing</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j))</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>String Formatting</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">obj</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mod(s,</span> <span class="pre">obj)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Subtraction</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sub(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Truth Test</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">truth(obj)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Ordering</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Ordering</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">le(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Equality</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">eq(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Difference</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ne(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>Ordering</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ge(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Ordering</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>


          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
  <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
  <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">9.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt> &#8212; Standard operators as functions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions">9.9.1. Mapping Operators to Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
  <p class="topless"><a href="functools.html"
                        title="previous chapter">9.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">functools</span></tt> &#8212; Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a></p>
  <h4>Next topic</h4>
  <p class="topless"><a href="filesys.html"
                        title="next chapter">10. File and Directory Access</a></p>
<h3>This Page</h3>
<ul class="this-page-menu">
  <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
  <li><a href="../_sources/library/operator.txt"
         rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
</ul>

<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
  <h3>Quick search</h3>
    <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
      <input type="text" name="q" />
      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
    </form>
    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
    </p>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="clearer"></div>
    </div>
    <div class="related">
      <h3>Navigation</h3>
      <ul>
        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
             >index</a></li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
             >modules</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="filesys.html" title="10. File and Directory Access"
             >next</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="functools.html" title="9.8. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects"
             >previous</a> |</li>
        <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
                 style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
        <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> &raquo;</li>
        <li>
          <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> &raquo;
        </li>

          <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &raquo;</li>
          <li><a href="numeric.html" >9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a> &raquo;</li> 
      </ul>
    </div>
    <div class="footer">
    &copy; <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2020, Python Software Foundation.
    <br />
    The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
    <a href="http://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
    <br />
    Last updated on Oct 13, 2020.
    <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
    <br />
    Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3.
    </div>

  </body>
</html>