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vorous mammals from across the African continent and normally inhabit in rock shelters, not typically wandering more than 500 meters from their shelter for fear of predation. These organisms use fixed dung middens for urinating and defecation, often under overhanging rocks in protected areas. Layers of dung are quickly hardened and sealed by Hyraceum, creating mainly horizontal middens.[18] Antelopes Middens created by antelopes, as well as other herbivores, play an important role by providing nutrients to certain areas of land. It has been described that duiker and steenbok antelopes defecate in exposed sites, generally on sandy soil, thus enriching the nutrient-deficient areas, as well as depositing plant seed there.[19] Mountain Gazelles Mountain gazelle in the Dubai Desert Conservation Area, UAE. It appears that middens have olfactory importance for mountain gazelles. Many gazelle species use middens (see also Animal latrine) for activities related to territory maintenance, advertisement and olfactory communication.[20] Due to the investment required to maintain a midden, it is likely that middens would not be randomly placed throughout the environment, but rather would be distributed on different landmarks. Placing middens on conspicuous sites could attract the attention of hunters and provide the hunters with information about the location and activity of their prey. A group of researchers examined midden selection and use by mountain gazelles (Gazella gazelle) in central Saudi Arabia and hypothesized that if middens are used for territorial or communication purposes, then they would tend to be placed at the largest trees in the immediate area. Additionally, if mountain gazelle midden selection and use was predictable, then this would corroborate poachers' claims that gazelles are easy to hunt because of their predictable behavior.[20] Ultimately it was found that midden size and the freshness of newly deposited feces could inform poachers about the gazelles' rates of midden use and potentially which middens are used more often. It was also found that middens are important communication centers for the mountain gazelles, and they are used by both sexes and by gazelles of various ages.[20] Ecological Implications Dik-dik in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania. This species of ungulate utilizes dung middens as territory markers and have been implied to use middens in anti-parasite behavior via fecal avoidance. The widespread presence of dung midden use throughout the animal kingdom is coupled with a distinct variation in how dung middens are used from species to species. Dung midden use has been implic


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vorous mammals from across the African continent and normally inhabit in ro=
ck shelters, not typically wandering more than 500 meters from their shelte=
r for fear of predation. These organisms use fixed dung middens for urinati=
ng and defecation, often under overhanging rocks in protected areas. Layers=
 of dung are quickly hardened and sealed by Hyraceum, creating mainly horiz=
ontal middens.[18]

Antelopes
Middens created by antelopes, as well as other herbivores, play an importan=
t role by providing nutrients to certain areas of land. It has been describ=
ed that duiker and steenbok antelopes defecate in exposed sites, generally =
on sandy soil, thus enriching the nutrient-deficient areas, as well as depo=
siting plant seed there.[19]

Mountain Gazelles

Mountain gazelle in the Dubai Desert Conservation Area, UAE. It appears tha=
t middens have olfactory importance for mountain gazelles.
Many gazelle species use middens (see also Animal latrine) for activities r=
elated to territory maintenance, advertisement and olfactory communication.=
[20] Due to the investment required to maintain a midden, it is likely that=
 middens would not be randomly placed throughout the environment, but rathe=
r would be distributed on different landmarks. Placing middens on conspicuo=
us sites could attract the attention of hunters and provide the hunters wit=
h information about the location and activity of their prey. A group of res=
earchers examined midden selection and use by mountain gazelles (Gazella ga=
zelle) in central Saudi Arabia and hypothesized that if middens are used fo=
r territorial or communication purposes, then they would tend to be placed =
at the largest trees in the immediate area. Additionally, if mountain gazel=
le midden selection and use was predictable, then this would corroborate po=
achers' claims that gazelles are easy to hunt because of their predictable =
behavior.[20] Ultimately it was found that midden size and the freshness of=
 newly deposited feces could inform poachers about the gazelles' rates of m=
idden use and potentially which middens are used more often. It was also fo=
und that middens are important communication centers for the mountain gazel=
les, and they are used by both sexes and by gazelles of various ages.[20]

Ecological Implications

Dik-dik in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania. This species of ungulate util=
izes dung middens as territory markers and have been implied to use middens=
 in anti-parasite behavior via fecal avoidance.
The widespread presence of dung midden use throughout the animal kingdom is=
 coupled with a distinct variation in how dung middens are used from specie=
s to species. Dung midden use has been implic
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